^{© PRASENJEET YADAV}

Vidushi Pant and Somreet Bhattacharya

In the pursuit of conserving its diverse and endangered wildlife, India has been formulating long-term National Wildlife Action Plans (NWAPs) since 1983. These have emerged as critical advisory plans to guide different departments and committees in strengthening their efforts to protect India’s wildlife. In this article, we explore the current status and key highlights regarding corridors within the framework of the latest plan. This article is the second segment in our series exploring the integration of wildlife corridors into the NWAP. For a concise overview of how NWAPs have evolved to incorporate wildlife corridors, please refer to our initial article, available here. 

The third version of the National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP), covering the period from 2017 to 2031, builds upon the experience of the preceding two plans and the concurrent advancements in our understanding of landscape ecology over the decades. Unlike the first two versions, it adopts a landscape-level approach to conservation and suggests several actions and projects for strengthening and promoting the integrated management of wildlife and their habitats, including wildlife corridors. It calls for strategies for delineating landscapes, managing wildlife corridors, and involving stakeholders to maintain ecological connectivity. 

Delineation of Landscapes

The plan suggests that the boundaries for key landscapes must be identified and land use, ecological features, and administrative units within the area must be defined. These must be used to create detailed land-use and land development maps of the identified landscapes, including not only reserve and revenue forests but also corridors that connect habitats within the landscape, especially those that connect protected areas with forests outside. Further, corridors used by large mammals such as tigers and elephants, which have been identified previously, must be “demarcated on ground” as the first step to ensure ecologically compatible land use across the corridors.

Management Plan for Wildlife Corridors

The NWAP provides specific guidelines and measures to secure wildlife corridors by improving corridor management, ensuring habitat restoration along corridors, minimizing human disturbances, promoting community participation, and incorporating landscape planning that considers the needs of wildlife movement. Foremost, the NWAP recommended that central guidelines be issued for preparing management plans for wildlife corridors and regulating land-use change in the identified corridors. These guidelines can be used by state forest departments to develop corridor management plans to prevent ecologically unsustainable activities in the area. The plan notes that wildlife areas in India are “largely interspersed with human habitations, power and irrigation related infrastructures, industrial estates and a variety of human activities.”  Consequently, it explicitly states that corridor management plans should be prepared after active participation of different stakeholders. To ensure effective translation of plans into actions on ground, NWAP also suggests that the wildlife corridor plans must be integrated with the working plans or management plans of the state forest departments.

The status of all wildlife species and their habitats outside the protected areas but within the identified landscape must be assessed for objective management planning. Endemic and endangered species in need of conservation should be targeted for special recovery projects. In addition, the third NWAP identifies that a periodic review of the status of protected areas and corridors must be conducted every 10 years.

Integrating NWAP with Other Sectoral Programs

Given that protected areas are embedded in and several corridors are a complex mosaic of land-use that is often human-dominated, the participation and cooperation of different government sectors is imperative for landscape-scale conservation to succeed. The third plan identifies the need for an appropriate mechanism for ensuring effective coordination among various ministries, departments, and institutions. It also suggests that the idea of wildlife conservation should be integrated in the strategies, plans, and programmes of different sectors, including agriculture, fisheries, infrastructure, mining, petroleum, and tourism. For example, the plan suggests that the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Coal, and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas must address concerns about corridor connectivity during the planning stages of their projects. Consequently, they should adopt appropriate designs and technological solutions to mitigate the expected problems.

Education, Training, and Awareness of Managers and Forest Staff 

In addition to direct management actions, the third NWAP also highlights the importance of education and training in long-term management of corridors. The existing mechanisms of recruitment, training, and career development of wildlife managers working in protected areas or territorial forests must be reviewed and revised. The frontline field staff must be equipped to protect wildlife by organizing training workshops, improving forensic support, and deploying modern technology for surveillance. For example, camera traps can be deployed in important corridors to protect the transient wildlife population. Moreover, the syllabi of various training and academic programmes, such as those offered by Wildlife Institute of India (Advanced Post Graduate Diploma, Certificate and Master of Science), must cover the full range of wildlife management, including management of corridors. 

Conservation Under Changing Climate 

What makes the third version of the NWAP unique is that this is the first time India has recognised the concerns relating to climate change impact on wildlife and stressed on integrating actions that need to be taken for the mitigation and adaptation of the impacts. For example, it calls for initiating a programme for assisted migration of wildlife, especially in highly fragmented landscapes and coastal areas where the impact of climate change may be more pronounced. 

Tourism and Eco-development Projects Outside Protected Areas

The plan suggests that tourism potential should be explored outside protected areas, especially forested areas, safari parks, etc. As many of the forested lands outside protected areas in India are part of corridors, this suggestion can be indirectly associated with corridors. The revenue from tourism can be funneled back into wildlife management and community development. Previous NWAPs also suggested the use of eco-development in the management of protected areas. Eco-development is a multi-stakeholder and multi-disciplinary strategy that associates conservation value of a protected area with the livelihoods of surrounding communities. Per the third NWAP, eco-development projects should not be confined to tiger reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries but should be extended to other areas, including conservation and community reserves, recognized wildlife corridors, important wetlands, and elephant reserves. Notably, the plan also suggests that a feasibility study be conducted to assess the potential involvement of the private sector in conservation programmes within and outside protected areas.

Conclusion

The third NWAP recognizes the need to protect wildlife corridors and connect habitats at a landscape-level. Overall, the latest NWAP has expanded its scope to address contemporary challenges to wildlife conservation. By incorporating holistic strategies, involving various stakeholders, and recognizing the impact of changing climate, it strives to ensure long-term sustenance of wildlife. However, the future of wildlife will depend on how well this plan is implemented and how effectively it adapts to evolving environmental and socio-economic dynamics. Its success also relies on the commitment of implementing agencies, conservation organizations, and local communities to work collaboratively to safeguard wildlife beyond the protected areas.

^{© PRASENJEET YADAV}

Vidushi Pant

In the pursuit of conserving its diverse and endangered wildlife, India has been formulating long-term National Wildlife Action Plans (NWAPs) since 1983. These have emerged as critical advisory plans to guide different departments and committees in strengthening their efforts to protect India’s wildlife. In this article, we briefly discuss the evolution of the focus of the first two NWAPs to include wildlife corridors.

A Brief History of the National Wildlife Action Plan

The enactment of the Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972—for the first time—provided a legal framework for conservation in India, which was followed by the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. However, it was soon realized that a long-term strategy and action programme was warranted for effective protection, conservation, and management of wildlife across the country. Inspired by the World Conservation Strategy and the Bali Action Plan of IUCN, the Indian Board of Wildlife (the apex advisory body for providing guidance to both the Central and State Governments on wildlife conservation matters, which was later replaced by National Board of Wildlife) launched the first National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) in 1983. It has since undergone two revisions to keep up with the changing landscape of wildlife conservation in India. Though not a legally enforceable document, it acts as a guideline for policymakers, advocating for specific projects and actions for effective wildlife conservation in the country.

Evolution of the National Wildlife Action Plan: The First Two Iterations

The first NWAP was effective from 1983 to 2002 and recommended a number of measures to strengthen the network of protected areas and enhance their management effectiveness. In the decades since the first plan came into effect, the number of protected areas increased substantially, from 257 in 1983 to 998 in 2023. The plan also focused on rehabilitation and captive breeding programmes of endangered and threatened species and highlighted—for the first time—the importance of collaboration between voluntary bodies and non-government organizations. This plan, however, did not focus on landscape-level conservation measures, which is understandable as the concept of landscape connectivity gained popularity in the early 1990s, almost a decade after the first plan was formulated. Nonetheless, this concept was reflected in the second iteration of NWAP, which was adopted in 2002.

The second NWAP (2002–2016) identified that national action plans cannot be successful in isolation, and there is a need to look beyond national parks and wildlife sanctuaries for efficient wildlife conservation. Acknowledging the fact that areas outside the protected area network often form vital ecological corridor links, the plan highlighted that corridors must be identified and protected to prevent further isolation of habitats to ensure long-term sustenance of biodiversity. It explicitly stated that new roads must be constructed in a manner that they by-pass all national parks and sanctuaries and avoid wildlife corridors or employ mitigative measures (such as restricting night traffic), if required. Each state/UT was recommended to identify and prioritize degraded habitats and corridors outside protected areas. These areas could be declared as ecologically fragile under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, thereby prohibiting or regulating certain activities in corridor areas. The plan also suggested that essential land and water use policies should be formulated for protecting the ecologically fragile habitats. Notably, this plan introduced two new legal categories of protected areas, namely  Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves. Over the years, several conservation reserves have been notified in areas overlapping with wildlife corridors.

During the period when the second NWAP was in effect, several wildlife corridors were identified by different reports. National Tiger Conservation Authority and Wildlife Institute of India identified 32 major tiger corridors, whereas Wildlife Trust of India identified 101 elephant corridors across the country. In addition to these, researchers identified several other corridors, such as Mt Abu–Jessore Corridor in Gujarat and Bandhavgarh–Nauradehi Corridor in Madhya Pradesh. 

The third NWAP, adopted in 2017, emphasized a landscape-level approach to conservation, focusing on wildlife corridors and integrated habitat management. The plan outlines guidelines for corridor management, habitat restoration, and community involvement. It also advocates for the growth of tourism and eco-development projects beyond protected areas.

To delve deeper into how wildlife corridors are integrated into the latest NWAP, check our second article in this series. Find the article here.